托福简介
TOEFL(The Test of English as a Foreign Language，简称TOEFL)是由美国教育测验服务社(ETS)举办的英语能力考试，全名为“检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试”，中文音译为“托福”。TOEFL有三种，分别是： pbt—paper based test 纸考 677, cbt—computer based test 机考 300, ibt—internet based test 网考 120, 新托福满分是120分。TOEFL考试的有效期为两年，是从考试日期开始计算的。
新托福
2005年9月，美国教育考试服务中心ETS在全球推出了一种全新的综合英语测试方法，即能够反映在一流大专院校教学和校园生活中对语言实际需求的新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
新托福由四部分组成，分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。
阅读(Reading)：有三篇文章
与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题，均为选择题。除了**后一道试题之外，其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问，试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。**后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，难度也有所增加。这部分持续时间为1小时，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。
听力(Listening)：取消了短对话
由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成，课堂演讲每篇长约5分钟。由于是机考，考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。在播放录音资料时，电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。这个部分持续大约50分钟。
听力水平无疑是新托福成功与否的关键，除阅读外，无论哪一部分都离不开“听”。对于中国考生来说，听力却正是薄弱环节。中国考生提高听力的其中一条有效途径是“听写法”，即把相关听力材料拿来精听，并把听到的内容逐句写下来。也有专门用来练习新托福听写的软件，如新托福听写王软件。“听写法”提高听力的一个缺点是，刚开始练习时可能比较费时。
口试(Speaking)：把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中
然而与现行的TSE相比又有较大改动。这个部分共有6题，持续约20分钟。
**、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。
第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。**后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。例如，短文中描述了对学校体育馆进行扩建的两种方案，对话中一位同学阐述了自己的立场，即赞成哪种方案，反对哪种方案，并列举了若干理由。要求考生叙述对话中同学的立场并解释他/她列举了哪些理由支持这一观点。
第五、六题要求考生听一段校园情景对话或课堂演讲，然后回答相关问题。考生有20秒钟的准备时间，之后进行60秒钟的回答。例如，先播放一段市场学课堂演讲，演讲中教授列举了两种市场调查的方法，然后要求考生使用课堂演讲中的观点和例子描述教授列举出的两种市场调查的方法。
考生可以在听音过程中记笔记以帮助答题。在准备和答题时，屏幕上会显示倒计时的时钟。
写作(Writing)要求考生在1小时内完成两篇作文
其中一篇类似于老托福的写作，要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点，字数要求为300字以上。
另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇文章，五分钟以后，文章隐去，播放一段与文章有关的课堂演讲。课堂演讲列举了一些论据反驳文章中的论点、论据。随后要求考生在20分钟内写一篇作文，总结课堂演讲的论点、论据，并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的，字数要求为150字到225字之间。在写作时，文章会重新显示在屏幕上。这篇作文不要求考生阐述自己的观点。
加试
般实际考试中，考生往往会在听力或阅读部分碰到加试试题，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。加试部分不算分(有人说会算分，说是抽几题给分)，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试部分(有的时候经典加试是能判断出来的)，所以应该认真对待。
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GRE考试简介Top↑
GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业，由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是世界各地的大学各类研究生院(除管理类学院，法学院)要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的**重要的标准。
GRE (Graduate Record Exam)适用于除了法律(需参加LSAT考试)与商业(需参加GMAT考)以外的各种学科与专业的研究生考试。GRE考试分两种(平常所说GRE考试都是指General test)： 一般能力或称倾向性测验(General test或Aptitude Test);一般申请人考的都是general test。
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托福写作题目：Modern agriculture methods damage the environment, but providing food for the growing population around the world is more important than protecting the environment.(养活人口重要还是保护环境重要?)
托福写作参考范文：
Modern agriculture methods like the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers are widely used around the world. Along with such brings forth negative effects. The most obvious and detrimental impact of modern agriculture methods is environmental degradation. Many people believe that the environmental risks should not be taken into consideration since many people are suffering from the lack of food. I certainly disagree with this.
To begin with, despite the fact that there are people who suffer from starvation, the reason is not because of the lack of food. As a matter of fact, tons of grains and corns are wasted every year. If the government and the general public really care about starving people, they should have enough ability and adequate materials to offer help. People suffer just because of bad management, worldwide corruption, and terrible indifference. So there is no need to destroy wilderness areas or use environmentally-damaging agricultural methods to increase productivity. The world nowadays has more food than we need. As long as corruption and bad management are eradicated, the world would see less people starving.
Besides, the statement asserts that providing food for a growing number of people is more urgent than the protection of environment. I find this statement totally unconvincing. People’s survival depends on the environment. More often than not, whenever the environment gets damaged, the deleterious effects are always irreversible. In other words, once the environment on which we depend on is disrupted, our lives are placed at risk. Modern agriculture, although it provides enough food, has contaminated the water and soil. When people eat crops grown with polluted water and soil, diseases will break out sooner or later. Genetically modified crops, although their negative effects are not obvious and not yet confirmed, should also be treated with great care, for it is reported that dogs, cats, and other pets become sick after ingesting GM food. If human beings are negatively affected by modern agriculture, untold dire consequences will arise. People will suffer from diseases and the government will shoulder considerable medical bills. Worse, the society may become unstable and inharmonious.
From the above discussion, I can draw the conclusion that there are other more effective methods to address starvation. No matter how much food we produce, as long as corruption and wasteful use exist, there will always be starving people. Besides, a healthy natural environment is a basic requirement of our survival. We cannot increase food production at the expense of our environment, lest we are bound to suffer for our inconsideration and recklessness.
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